Judah no longer enjoys a separate and independent existence, but dwells dispersed among the nations. The promised land - the gift of rest - is taken away. God had warned them that among these nations you shall find no respite, and there shall be no resting place for the sole of your foot
(Deuteronomy 28:65; Psalm 137:1–9). They have lost the rest that God had provided for them under Joshua. As such, they have reverted to that restless state of existence that had befallen them before the exodus.1
3 Judah has gone into exile because of affliction and hard servitude; she dwells now among the nations, but finds no resting place; her pursuers have all overtaken her in the midst of her distress.